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Most of the Portuguese vocabulary comes from Latin, since Portuguese is a Romance language. However, other languages that came into contact with it have also left their mark. In the thirteenth century, the lexicon of Portuguese had about 80% words of Latin origin and 20% of pre-Roman Gallaecian, Celtic, Germanic and Arabic origin.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=ASPECTOS DA CONSTITUIÇÃO DO LÉXICO PORTUGUÊS )〕 ==Pre-Roman languages of Portugal== Some traces of the languages of the native peoples of western Iberia (Gallaeci, Lusitanians, Celtici or Conii) persist in the language, as shown below. Many places in Portugal for instance have pre-Roman, Celtic or Celtiberian names, such as the cities of Abrantes, Braga, Braganza (Bragança), Cantanhede, Coimbra, Évora, Leiria, Setúbal, Sintra and several rivers like Ardila, Douro, Minho or Tâmega. Iberian: *''abóbora'' "pumpkin" *''arroio'' "brook, stream" *''baía'' "bay" (cf. Basque ibai 'river') *''balsa'' "ferry" *''barranco'' "ravine" *''barranceira'' "steep climb or cliff" (normally above water) * ''barro'' "mud; clay" *''bizarro'' "quaint, bizarre" *''boina'' "Basque berret" *''cabaça'' "kalabash, gourd" *''cachorro'' "puppy" *''carapaça'' "shell, armour" *''cama'' "bed" (Vulgar Latin: ''cama'') *''carrasco'' "executioner" or "Portuguese oak" *''cavaco'' "small woods" *''charco'' "puddle" *''esquerdo'' "left" (cf. Basque ezker 'left') *''gordo'' "fat individual or liquid" *''gordura'' "lard, fat content" *''manteiga'' "butter" *''mata'', ''mato'' "woods" *''medronheiro'' "strawberry-tree" *''mochila'' "rucksack, backpack" *''morro'' "hill" *''mouta'', ''moita'' "bush" *''sapato'' "shoe" *''sapo'' "toad" *''sarna'' "scabbies" *''seara'' "crops" *''silo'' "silo" (cf. Basque zilo 'hole') *''veiga'' "meadow, grassland" Projections on Iberian vocabulary, toponyms and derivations in Portuguese, indicate just a few dozen words in total. Celtic: * amieiro () 'common alder', a derivative in -arium of *abona 'river', related to Breton ''avon'', Welsh ''afon'', Irish ''abha/abhainn'' 'river'. : Derivatives: amieiral ''alder woods'', amieira ''young alder tree or hand-basket made of alder or chestnut shoots'', * abater () 'to knock down, to lower' from Vulgar Latin ''abbattuere'' to demolish, knock down, overthrow: from ad- + Latin ''battuere'', see bater below. The d is assimilated to the b in battuere from older Celtic. * abrunho/abrunheiro () 'sloe', from Vulgar Latin *''aprūneu'', from Latin prūnum, under the influence of Celtic *agrīnio;〔〔〔cf. Meyer-Lübke 294.〕 akin to Irish ''áirne'', Welsh '' eirin'' 'plum'; cognate of Occitan ''agranhon'', Provençal ''agreno'', Catalan ''aranyó'', Aragonese ''arañon''. * albóio () 'window-pane (nautical), skylight, from Proto-Celtic *ɸare-bow-yo- akin to Old-Irish ''airbe'' 'covered, enclosed'. * ardósia () 'slate', from Proto-Celtic, probably via Gaulish *aritisia- ''originally wall, mural interior, construction material'' * atol a muddy place, bog: from ''atolar'' "to dirty to soil," from ''a-'' + ''tol'' "mire, muddy place" (possibly from a Celtic word represented in Old Irish ''toll'' "hole, pit, grave") + the verbal infinitive suffix ''-ar''. * barca () 'small seagoing vessel', from proto-Celtic *barga- 'boat', from Old French 'barge', Old Provençal 'barca'. : Derivatives: barcaça, barcagem, barcada, 'barge, flat boat with a sail', 'freight', 'boatload'; from Gaulish *barge-, cognate old Provençal 'barca', Medieval Latin loanword from Celtic 'barga'. Maybe from Greek 'baris' "Egyptian boat," from Coptic 'bari' "small boat." Meaning "flat-bottomed freight boat" dates from late 15c. * barco () 'boat, ship' from Proto-Celtic *barga-, loanward into Latin ''bargo'', 'boat'. * bardo () 'bard, poet' from Proto-Celtic *bardos- 'bard, poet' cognate of French 'barde', Scottish Gaelic 'bard', Irish 'bard', Catalan 'bard'. * barra () 'garret, loft, upper platform', from proto-Celtic *barro-,〔〔 cognate of Irish, Breton ''barr'' 'summit, peak, top', Welsh ''bar'' : Derivatives: barrote () 'wooden beam' * barrete () 'hood', from Proto-Celtic *birros- 'short coat with a hood' * beiço () 'snout, animal's mouth', from Proto-Celtic *beiccion- "animal's mouth", from *baicciō "to yell"; akin to Old Irish ''béccim'', Irish ''béic'' ‘yell, roar’, Scottish ''beuc'', Welsh ''beichio'' ‘to low, sob’, Cornish ''begi'' ‘to bray’, Breton ''begiad'' ‘to bleat’, Spanish ''bezo'' ‘big lip’. * berço () 'craddle', from Proto-Celtic *ber-tio- 'bed', cognate of French ''berceau''. :Derivatives: berçário (hospital), ''new-born / infant ward'' (hospital). * bater () 'to hit, strike, win': from Latin ''battere, battuere'', "to beat, strike," probably of older, Celtic origin. * batuta () 'an orchestra conductor's baton': from Italian ''battuta'', from ''battere'', from Latin ''battere, battuerre'', see bater above. * betume () 'putty', from Celtic *betu- derived from Indo-European *gwetu- with the labialisation of 'gw' into 'b' typical of Celtic, which meant resin. The Latin 'bitumen' (tar) is very likely borrowed from the older Celtic 'betu-'. * bezerro () 'year old veal', Uncertain: from Proto-Celtic *bicurru- or Iberian *ibicurri- or Latin *Ibex- "wild goat" * bétula ()'birch', from Gaulish *betuo-, derivation from *betu- 'woods, forest', cognate of Gaelic 'beith', Cornish 'betho', Breton 'bezo, bedwen', Welsh 'bedw, bedwen'. * bico () 'beak, kiss', from Proto-Celtic *bekko-,〔〔Ward A. (1996), s.v. BECLOS〕〔Meyer-Lübke 1013〕 cognate of Italian ''becco'', French ''bec''. :Derivatives: bicar 'to kiss', debicar () '(bird)pecking'. * bilha,〔 () 'spigot; stick' to Proto-Celtic *beljo- 'tree, trunk',〔Matasovic (2009) s.v.〕 akin to Old Irish ''bille'' 'large tree, tree trunk', Manx ''billey'' 'tree', Welsh ''pill'' 'stump', Breton ''pil''; cognate of French ''bille'' 'log, chunk of wood'. * bode () 'billy-goat, male goat' from Proto-Celtic *bukko- akin to French ''bouc'', loanword into Dutch ''bok'' * borba〔 () 'mud, slime, mucus', from proto-Celtic *borwâ-,〔Ward A. (1996), s.v. BORWOS〕 cognate of French ''bourbe'' 'mud'; akin to Irish ''borb'' 'mud, slime', ''bearbh'' 'boiling', Welsh ''berw'' 'boiling', Breton ''berv'' 'broth, bubbling'. * braço () 'arm'(anatomy), from proto-Celtic *brac- 'arm', loanword into Latin 'brachium' and Greek ''βραχίων'' 'brakhíôn'; cognate of French 'bras', Welsh 'braich', Breton 'brec'h', :Derivatives: braça, braçada, abraço, abraçar (); 'tree-branch', 'breaststroke', 'hug,embrace', 'to embrace, to hug'. See further list of derived words: * antebraço () 'forearm' * antebraquial 'forearm' * avambraço 'forearm' * braço-curto * braço-de-armas * braço-de-ferro * braço-de-mono * braço-de-preguiça * braço-forte * braquio * cana-de-braço * guarda-braço * quebra-de-braço * queda-de-braço * rebraço * violão-sem-braço There are numerous other Portuguese expressions and colloquialisms deriving from the word ''braço'' (arm) see also https://pt.wiktionary.org/wiki/bra%C3%A7o. * braguilha〔 () 'trouser-flier, from proto-Celtic *braco-,〔Meyer-Lübke 1252〕 cognate of Spanish, Occitan ''braga'', French ''braie'', Italian ''brache''. * brejo () 'marsh, marshland, moor' from Celtic *vroikos- akin to French 'bruyère' (often used as Botanical name for Heather but also meaning marsh=marais), old Gaulish 'brucus' (heather blossom), Breton 'brug' Welsh 'grug', Irish and Scottish Gaelic 'fraoch', Galician 'breixo', Occitan 'bruga'. Derivatives: bregiais, bregieira, bregieiros, bregio, breja, brejão, brejeira, brejenjas, brejinho, brejioso, brejoeira, brejões, brejos all relating to 'marsh, marshlands, moors', and also brejeiro, brejeirice, brejeirar (), 'meaning naughty person, slightly saucy or cocky talk or behaviour'. * brenha () 'thick bush' from Celtic *brigna- ''hill'' : Derivatives: embrenhar () 'to go deep into a bush or forest, figurative: to go deep in thought', embrenhado 'someone who is lost in a deep forest or in thought, concentrating on smthg'. * brio〔 () 'pride, courage, might, power', from Italian ''brio'', from Catalan/Old Occitan ''briu'' 'wild', from Celtic *brigos,〔 cognate of Occitan ''briu'', Old French ''brif'' 'finesse, style'; akin to Old Irish ''bríg'' 'power', Welsh ''bri'' 'prestige, authority', Breton ''bri'' 'respect'. : Derivatives: brioso 'proud, brave, exuberant' * Britânico (), from Latin loanword ''britannicus'', from ''Britannia''; akin to Welsh ''pryd'' "form", Irish ''cruth' * broche (), 'brooch', clasp, clip, fastener: from Old French ''broche'' "a spit," from Vulgar Latin ( *)''brocca'' "a nail, spike," from Latin ''broccus, brocchus'' "a nail, projecting (adj.), buck-toothed (adj.)" loanword from Celtic ( *)''brokko-'' "a pin, badger." * brócolos or brócolis () 'broccoli' * bruxa () 'witch, sorcerer' : Derivatives:bruxaria, bruxedo 'witchcraft, sorcery', bruxulear() ,'flicker, shimmer'(of light)'a luz bruxuleia= the light shimmers', bruxo 'clairvoyant' * cabana () 'hut' Proto-Celtic *cab- : Derivatives: cabine ''cabin'', gabinete ''office'', telecabine ''cable-car'', pessoal de cabine ''cabin-crew''. * cadeira () 'chair' often claimed as Latin ''cathedra'' loanword from Greek '' καθέδρα '' 'cathedral'; is however very likely from Proto-Celtic *cathair- 'chair, seat', akin to Welsh ''cadair'' 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Portuguese vocabulary」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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